Julie Nelson 
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Having spent a few years as a compliance professional in the financial sector, I was intrigued to read about the detail of the Pfizer settlement.
The drug company Pfizer, you'll recall, has just settled with the US Department of Justice for a total financial penalty of $2.3 billion - the largest ever. The allegations against Pfizer concerned illegal marketing of painkiller Bextra and several other drugs.
What did not come through in the original reports was that in one part of the settlement, the inspector general of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) required Pfizer to change the reporting line of the company's compliance department from the General Counsel to the Chief Executive.
In-house compliance professionals are often in a bit of a bind. They are supposed to advise the business on how it needs to conduct itself if it is to remain within the letter of the regulations. Their reporting line, however, is often to someone with a strong personal interest in the short-term financial success of the business development to which the advice relates. Although compliance departments inevitably attract the label of "business prevention", their reporting lines (and remuneration and retention prospects) in fact incentivise them to bend over backward to accommodate the concerns of their superior. So much for independence.
In Pfizer's case compliance reported to the general counsel. As Lewis Morris, general counsel for the inspector-general's office put it:
"The lawyers tell you whether you can do something, and compliance tells you whether you should ... We think upper management should hear both arguments."
If that is what the lawyers are there to do, then they will be rewarded on the basis of their overall contribution to business development. Compliance reporting into that setup risk ending up singing the same tune, or leaving.
I predict regulators will become more prescriptive about the precise reporting lines of compliance professionals. I am not sure, though, that instituting a reporting line to the chief executive is the most effective course though. Although the CEO has a group-wide interest and won't want the actions of a particular division to threaten the overall reputation of the group, the CEO is still guided by short-term financial incentives. A better solution might be a reporting line into the audit committee of the board, which should be majority comprised of independent non-executives.
The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) is consulting on whether to tighten rules relating to conflicts of interest in medical research it finances.
The move comes following growing concern about the objectivity of research that has been financed or materially supported by drug companies or medical device manuafacturers.
An update from The Scientist (free reg'n req'd) on the Merck/Elsevier story: there were six other fake journals issued on behalf of unnamed sponsors.
We previously covered Elsevier's publication of an apparently peer-reviewed serious journal for Merck, that was in fact a Merck-sponsored promotional tool.
Now The Scientist has found that there were seven such journals published between 2000 and 2005 by Elsevier's Australian operation.
"a "series of sponsored article publications" were put out by their Australia office and bore the Excerpta Medica imprint from 2000 to 2005. These titles were: the Australasian Journal of General Practice, the Australasian Journal of Neurology, the Australasian Journal of Cardiology, the Australasian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, the Australasian Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, and the Australasian Journal of Bone & Joint. Elsevier declined to provide the names of the sponsors of these titles, according to the company spokesperson."
If they can, would Merck and the other major drug companies please start denying their involvement in these others so we can see who the unnamed drug companies are?
Merck paid medical publisher Elsevier to publish a few volumes of Merck-favored research with the appearance of a serious peer-reviewed journal.
Instead, the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine was in effect just company-sponsored marketing material without the sponsorship disclosure.
While the serious ethical breach by Merck is receiving much attention, I'd like to draw attention also to the bizarre ethical breach by the publisher.
Elsevier has a reputation as a serious publisher of peer-reviewed science, technical and medical journals. It knew that by attaching its name to this journal it would lead people into assuming that the same standards would apply to the information and views it contained.
Elsevier has a responsibility for its mind print. The information that it publishes can and will be taken and used for better or worse. Elsevier's corporate social responsibility page, however, prefers to talk about philanthropic and environmental initiatives.
Time for them to re-center on why they exist. Clue: it was not to squeeze an extra bit of revenue out of their brand by lending credence to Merck's blindingly unethical misstep.
Merck & Co retains the option to partner with the not-for-profit, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) after testing.
According to the Reuters report, Merck has granted the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) an exclusive, royalty-free license to develop a compound discovered by Merck's scientists.
It looks as if Merck is simply outsourcing research to an organisation that is specifically funded for that purpose - an organisation which does not have to demonstrate market level investment returns on its research expenditure. Is this a smart way of bringing drugs to market aimed at the world's poor?
CSR Asia draws together three separate faulty drug reports in as many weeks.
The drugmakers involved are Christo Pharmaceuticals, Marching Pharmaceutical and Europharm.
Doctor Scott S. Reuben's research provided favorable results on Pfizer’s Bextra and Merck’s Vioxx, both painkillers that have since been pulled from the market, reports the Wall Street Journal Blog.
His research has been highly influential, doctors contacted by the newspaper said.
From the Wall Street Journal blog:
"Pfizer had funded some of Reuben’s research and had also paid him to speak on behalf of its medicines. “It is very disappointing to learn about Dr. Scott Reuben’s alleged actions,” Pfizer said in a statement to WSJ. “When we decided to support Dr. Reuben’s research, he worked for a credible academic medical center and appeared to be a reputable investigator.”"
Seems like a testament to the corrupting power of Big Pharma's marketing money.
The report was drafted in consultation with the pharmaceutical industry, investors, global health experts and social entrepreneurs.
The PF3 report's conclusions include:
"Investors need clearer signals from the pharmaceutical industry about emerging market opportunities, the business models they require, and the investments they need.
Pharmaceutical companies' business models need to adapt from those developed for western markets with robust health infrastructures to models that account for the distribution and pricing realities of emerging markets.
Improved communication, between companies and investors, and between the industry, governments, global health experts and local communities will be the key to success."
The opening paragraph sets the context:
"Almost 2 billion people lack access to essential medicines. This deprivation causes immense and avoidable suffering: ill health, pain, fear, loss of dignity and life. Improving access to existing medicines could save 10 million lives each year, 4 million of them in Africa and South-East Asia. Besides deprivation, gross inequity in access to medicines remains the overriding feature of the world pharmaceutical situation. Average per capita spending on medicines in high income countries is 100 times higher than in low-income countries: about US$400 compared with US$4. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 15 per cent of the world’s population consumes over 90 per cent of the world’s production of pharmaceuticals."
This particular report looks at the access to medicines issue in the context of sexual and reproductive health.
The guidelines cover themes including transparency, management, monitoring and accountability,
pricing and ethical marketing.
NovoNordisk gets several honorable mentions in the report for the extent of its willingness to hold up its practices to scrutiny against the guidelines. No other pharmaceutical firm was similarly inclined.
The policy in question was the Food and Drug Administration's 2006 decision to adopt rules that insulated drug companies from state lawsuits where the drug had been approved by the FDA.
The case involved Diana Levine, a guitar-playing children's musician, whose arm had to be amputated after she received an injection of Wyeth Pharmaceutical's Phenergan drug. Whereas she had gone in with a migraine, Phernegan is a common treatment for nausea.
Levine successfully convinced a jury that the drug company should have placed stronger warnings about this risk on the drug packaging, regardless of the FDA approval of the drug.
Business argues that if a product meets a government standard then they should be immune to suits relating to that product.
This is a ludicrous view. Establishing a repository of responsibility anywhere but in the person with the greatest opportunity to identify and manage the risk of harm (i.e. drug producer in this case) creates a moral hazard: rather than attempting to make a product safe and then market it responsibly only for purposes for which it is known to be safe, the company's challenge becomes how to game the approval process.
This year, for example, we saw Pfizer pay $2.3 billion in an in-principle settlement with the US Attorney's Office over allegations of off-label marketing. From my previous post on that case:
"It is legal in the US to prescribe a drug for medical conditions other than those for which the drug has been approved, and there are many cases where this has proved beneficial. Medical knowledge can be advanced in this way.
What is illegal is for a drug company to promote such off-label uses, simply because those alternative uses have not been subjected to the rigorous clinical trials required to prove the safety of a drug for public marketing.
Drug companies have a habit of doing this.
Not long before Pfizer reported this settlement, Eli Lilly & Co. pleaded guilty to a charge that it illegally promoted the anti-psychotic drug Zyprexa for unapproved use. Lilly is to pay $1.42 billion to settle lawsuits and to end the criminal investigation.
Pfizer itself was fined $430 million in 2004 for promotion of its epilepsy drug Neurontin for off-label conditions including migraines, chronic pain and bipolar disease.
A research paper by Adriane Fugh-Berman and Douglas Melnick entitled "Off-Label Promotion, On-Target Sales" surveyed the ways in which pharmaceutical companies circumvent the rules.
The "decoy indication", for example, involves getting FDA approval for a drug that promises multiple uses on the basis of one use selected for the ease with which it will gain approval.
Fugh-Berman and Melnick argue that drug companies undertake a cost-benefit analysis of off-label promotion based on the likely fine if they get caught."
Fortunately, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Diana Levine, holding that drugmakers could not hide behind federal regulation when faced with actions brought under state consumer protection laws. The majority refused to accept that legislators would have intended the concentration of all consumer recourse in one place, and that one so inadequately resourced for such a challenge.
The embedded video was made by Paul Zaloom in support of Diana Levine last year.
"He said that GSK will:
• Cut its prices for all drugs in the 50 least developed countries to no more than 25% of the levels in the UK and US – and less if possible – and make drugs more affordable in middle-income countries such as Brazil and India.
• Put any chemicals or processes over which it has intellectual property rights that are relevant to finding drugs for neglected diseases into a "patent pool", so they can be explored by other researchers.
• Reinvest 20% of any profits it makes in the least developed countries in hospitals, clinics and staff.
• Invite scientists from other companies, NGOs or governments to join the hunt for tropical disease treatments at its dedicated institute at Tres Cantos, Spain.
The extent of the changes Witty is setting in train is likely to stun drug company critics and other pharmaceutical companies, who risk being left exposed. Campaigners privately say the move is remarkable, although they worry that it may undermine the generics industry which currently supplies the cheapest drugs in poor countries."
In a further speech at the Harvard Medical School Mr Witty shed some light on the question of where do government responsibilities end and those of foreign corporate investors begin in developing countries where infrastructure is poor:
"“We need to stop saying ‘it’s not our fault there is no infrastructure to deliver healthcare’ and start saying ‘who can we work with to ensure that the infrastructure does exist’?” To do this, GSK will use 20% of the profit made in selling medicines in LDCs to reinvest in infrastructure projects in those countries. “We never want to be seen just as a ‘western’ company. We need to be a local company,” Mr Witty said.
He gave the example of Brazil, “where we are helping them build technical expertise so that in the long run they can produce vaccines themselves”. Such partnerships “ will tie us much more closely to the country we operate in, giving us a stake in its economic and social development. That is how it should be”." (from PharmaTimes)
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- on 12 May 2009
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